Biz Markie. Who doesn’t love him? Our broken intellectual property system, that’s who.
Some hip-hop scholars call the late eighties and early nineties the golden age. The tracks of this period are full of samples, collages of seventies funk albums over drum machines. It ends with the infamous Biz Markie sampling lawsuit. Like his contemporaries, Biz was a liberal user of samples. And like every hip-hop artist of his generation, he mostly wasn’t clearing them. This map shows only a few of the samples he used.
In 1992, Biz did a track using a sample of “Alone Again (Naturally) ” by Gilbert O’Sullivan.
It’s a fine song, but not spectacularly original. The chord progressions, melodic motifs and verbal imagery are all popular music boilerplate. The rhyme schemes are mostly cliches like cried/died. Gilbert O’Sullivan was the first person to use this exact combination of standard musical modules, but the modules themselves can be heard in zillions of other songs.
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Biz uses a loop of Gilbert O’Sullivan’s piano and a quote from the chorus. He also uses the frequently-sampled beat from “Impeach The President” by The Honeydrippers. Biz’s song follows the time-honored hip-hop strategy of semi-ironically quoting a well-known chorus and writing new verses around it.
Biz’s label, a subsidiary of Warner Bros, attempted to get clearance to use the piano sample from Gilbert O’Sullivan’s publishers, Grand Upright Music. When they were denied, they went ahead and used it anyway. In response, Grand Upright Music filed an injunction. The decision in Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc ruled emphatically in Grand Upright’s favor. The decision was the death knell of sample-intensive hip-hop at the commercial level. Judge Kevin Thomas Duffy began his opinion by quoting the Bible:
“Thou shalt not steal.” has been an admonition followed since the dawn of civilization. Unfortunately, in the modern world of business this admonition is not always followed. Indeed, the defendants in this action for copyright infringement would have this court believe that stealing is rampant in the music business and, for that reason, their conduct here should be excused. The conduct of the defendants herein, however, violates not only the Seventh Commandment, but also the copyright laws of this country… [I]t is clear that the defendants knew that they were violating the plaintiff’s rights as well as the rights of others. Their only aim was to sell thousands upon thousands of records. This callous disregard for the law and for the rights of others requires not only the preliminary injunction sought by the plaintiff but also sterner measures.”
Judge Duffy concluded by referring the matter to the US Attorney, recommending prosecution of Biz and company for criminal copyright infringement.
This ruling makes me sad for several reasons. One, Judge Duffy wasn’t in possession of the facts. If you choose to define sampling as “stealing,” then stealing was in fact rampant in the music business, and not just among hip-hop artists. Rock and roll was built on uncredited borrowing from (mostly black) blues and R&B musicians. The Beatles used unauthorized samples of copyrighted materials in their artsier tracks like “Revolution 9.” Experiments with tape collage by the classical avant-garde go back to the fifties. I take deeper issue with the equation of sampling and stealing. All creativity consists of recombining and repurposing fragments of existing works into new ones. I would go so far as to say that there is no other kind of artistic practice. There has never been a wholly original piece of music. There has never been a completely new idea of any kind that didn’t draw extensively on its intellectual context. Sampling is a novel technological practice, but it’s a seamless extension of the way music has always been made.
I’m not completely unsympathetic to Gilbert O’Sullivan’s position. I do wish that some kind of licensing or profit-sharing agreement could have been reached in this particular case. But where does it end? Would we require Gilbert O’Sullivan to pay every previous user of his harmonic and melodic cliches, and every previous user of the cried/died rhyme? Would there be any kind of art at all if we did?
Meanwhile, I detect more than a tinge of racism in this ruling and the cultural consensus that produced it. This article from the UCLA/Columbia Copyright Infringement Project is sympathetic to Biz’s legal position, but it slips in some ignorant music criticism:
[A]part from the gibberish chanted over O’Sullivan’s ostinato, there is nothing original in Biz Markie’s song or his recording except his performance of it.
Biz doesn’t enunciate his rhymes very clearly, but there’s a big difference between mumbly delivery of slang and “gibberish.” Maybe the slight doesn’t have a racial motivation, but it’s hard to imagine why else the writer would be so dismissive of the hip-hop art form.
Maybe this is a generational thing, maybe it’s a New York City thing, but I value Biz Markie’s music much more highly than Gilbert O’Sullivan’s. There’s a positive value to sampling culture. The warm thrill of recognition combined with the strangeness of a new context is an essential part of the pleasure of hip-hop. Modern life is lonely. We need familiarity whenever we can get it, to anchor us in the relentless rush of novelty we experience in the big city.
Sampling generally helps the sampled artists more than it harms them in the long run. It keeps them culturally relevant to new generations of listeners who otherwise wouldn’t care. I would never have even heard of Gilbert O’Sullivan if Biz hadn’t paid him the compliment of sampling him.
Just for jollies, here’s Biz’s best-known song. Like “Alone Again”, the chorus quotes an older song, “You Got What I Need” by Freddie Scott.
Boo copyright. Yay quotation.
Update: Kevin Nottingham posted all the samples from Biz’ I Need A Haircut on his blog. Download and remix to your heart’s content.
Further update: the web site for the documentary Copyright Criminals links to this post.
Tags: biz markie, christianity, cold tech hot beats, copyright, criminal justice, fail, gilbert o'sullivan, hip-hop, looping, memes, music, remix, sampling